32^nd Euro Congress on Neurologists and Psychiatrists November 27-28, 2023 Stockholm, Sweden

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a subset of psychological illnesses that affect how the nervous system develops, leading to abnormal brain activity that can impede memory, learning, emotion, and self-control. Neurodevelopmental issues often affect a person for the rest of their life. The majority of people with neurodevelopmental disorders are toddlers, children, and adolescents, however they can also persist into adulthood and sometimes go untreated until a person is an adult.

There are numerous forms of neurodevelopmental disorders; the following list includes some of the most common ones:

• Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Cerebral palsy
• Communication disorders
• Conduct disorders
• Intellectual disabilities
• Learning disorders
• Neurodevelopmental motor disorders

The study of physical ailments thought to have a psychological basis is known as psychosomatic medicine. Conversion disorder and irritable bowel syndrome are two instances of these conditions. It is well recognised that the interdisciplinary field of sleep medicine has many psychological components. The branch of psychiatry that deals with the psychobiological treatment of those with medical conditions is called psychosomatic medicine. All ages and specialisations are represented in this patient population, including internal medicine, surgery, organ transplantation, and many more. Your doctor may prescribe hypnotics, a type of sleep medication, to shorten the time it takes you to fall asleep.

The most popular hypnotic medications are:

• Zolpidem (Ambien)
• Zaleplon (Sonata)
• Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
• Ramelteon (Rozerem)

One can maintain the balance when getting out of bed or walking on uneven terrain because to a connection between the inner ear and brain. The vestibular system is responsible for this. A vestibular condition can result from damage to this system caused by disease or trauma.

The most frequently identified vestibular illnesses are

• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV),
• Labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis,
• Meniere's disease, and secondary endolymphatic hydrops
• Acoustic Neuroma
• Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease
• Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction
• CANVAS Syndrome
• Cervicogenic Dizziness
• Cholesteatoma
• Concussion & Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
• Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (EVAS)
• General Vestibulopathy

The study area of cognitive neuroscience focuses on the neurological bases of mental operations. It overlaps with neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, and physiological psychology and is situated at the intersection of psychology and neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience investigates how the brain underlies the mental operations that govern our perception, cognition, memory, speech, decision-making, and behavior. In order to understand how neural networks, whole brain structures, and individual brain structures support cognition, action, and behavior, our study examines cognitive and brain models.

Dementia is a term used to describe a group of symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning, including memory, reasoning, and social skills. While there isn't a single illness that causes dementia specifically, a number of illnesses can.

These dementia types include:

• Alzheimer's disease
• Vascular dementia
• Parkinson's disease and other conditions that can cause dementia
• Dementia with Lewy bodies
• Frontotemporal dementia (Pick's disease)
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Clinical neurophysiology is a branch of medicine that records bioelectrical activity, whether it is spontaneous or provoked, in order to study the central and peripheral neural systems. It includes both studies on the pathophysiology of disorders affecting the central and peripheral nerve systems as well as clinical techniques for disease diagnosis.

The main diagnostic techniques used in hospitals with clinical neurophysiology capabilities are

• Electromyography and nerve conduction studies
• Electroencephalography
• Evoked potentials
• Polysomnography
• Intraoperative monitoring, Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring

Muscle loss and weakness occurs gradually in a group of diseases known as muscular dystrophies. Mutations in the genes of people with muscular dystrophy prevent the body from creating the proteins necessary for healthy muscle growth.

Some forms of muscular dystrophy are distinguished by a particular trait or by the location of the body's first symptoms. Examples include the following:

One who suffers from psychosis has lost all sense of reality. Hallucinations and delusions are its two prominent signs. Numerous factors, including mental health diseases, physical illnesses, and substance abuse, can contribute to psychosis. A mental health condition called schizophrenia includes episodes of psychosis. Negative and cognitive symptoms are further signs that someone has schizophrenia. There are generally similar treatment choices for schizophrenia and psychosis. If you or a loved one exhibits symptoms of psychosis or schizophrenia, it is important to seek medical attention because early detection and treatment can significantly improve your outlook.

A subspecialty of psychology called "cross-cultural psychiatry" looks at how cultural and racial factors influence mental illness and access to psychiatric care. The study of migratory populations and ethnic variety within countries, analysis of psychiatry itself as a cultural product, and surveys of the prevalence and types of disorders in other cultures or countries all contributed to the development of this profession as a whole. Early literature was linked to colonialism and was accused of either ignoring or demeaning other cultures and ethnic groups.

Several crucial fields of research include:

• Emotions
• Language acquisition
• Child development
• Personality
• Social behavior
• Family and social relationships

The study of how a person's cognition and behavior relate to their brain and the rest of their nervous system is called neuropsychology, a subfield of psychology. The focus of experts in this area of psychology is frequently on how brain disorders and injuries affect cognitive and behavioral processes. Research on the lateralization and localization of cognitive, affective, and behavioral phenomena, neurodevelopment, ageing and the brain, neuroplasticity, and other topics are all included in the field of neuropsychology, which is the science that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior.

• Changes in concentration,
• Memory loss,
• Personality changes,
• Reasoning,
• Language,
• Perception or Coordination

The words "cerebro" and "vascular," which refer to the arteries and veins, are combined to form the phrase cerebrovascular. The expression cerebrovascular refers to the movement of blood throughout the brain. All conditions when one or more cerebral blood arteries are involved in the diseased process and a region of the brain is temporarily or permanently impacted by ischemia or bleeding are referred to as cerebrovascular diseases.

The most prevalent form of cerebrovascular disease is stroke. The following list of additional forms of cerebrovascular illness is not exhaustive:

• Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
• Brain aneurysm
• Brain bleed, hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhage)
• Carotid artery disease (carotid artery stenosis)
• Cervical artery dissection
• Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)
• Moyamoya disease

A subfield of psychiatry called forensic psychiatry applies clinical and scientific knowledge to legal problems in contexts involving civil, criminal, administrative, or legislative difficulties. The Roman word forum, which gradually changed to the English word forensics, originally meant in open court or in public.

The main goals of forensic psychiatry include:

• Treatment assurance for those who commit crimes and are mentally ill
• In cases where the defendant's mental stability is in doubt, testifying in court
• Competency evaluations
• Actively working to improve and comprehend the relationship between the law and psychiatry
• Collaborating with additional clinical and non-clinical experts in the field
• Preventing a delay in the defendant's treatment for a mental disorder

Here, the terms "analyst" and "psychotherapist" are occasionally used interchangeably. Both analysts and psychotherapists are considered therapists when the word is employed. A range of therapies are referred to as psychotherapy (also known as talk therapy) with the goal of assisting a patient in recognizing and altering troublesome feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Most psychotherapy sessions involve a patient meeting one-on-one with a qualified mental health professional or in a group with other patients. Psychoanalysis is a more involved form of psychodynamic therapy. Typically, sessions are held three or more times per week.

Learning disorders are brought on by genetic and/or neurobiological factors that change how the brain functions and thus impact one or more learning-related cognitive processes. These processing issues may make it difficult to master fundamental abilities like reading, writing, and/or math.  Additionally, they may impair higher order abilities like organization, time management, abstract thought, long or short term memory, and attention. It's vital to understand that learning difficulties can have an impact on a person's life outside of academy, including their connections with family, friends, and coworkers.

The most prevalent learning disabilities

• Dyslexia
• ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
• Dyscalculia
• Dysgraphia
• Dyspraxia

Muscle spasms, limb twitching, and loss of consciousness are some of the signs and symptoms of seizures. They may also result in modifications to feelings and actions. Seizures may be brought on by unbalanced brain electrical activity. Epilepsy is a disorder that manifests as intermittent seizures.  Consultation with a neurologist is frequently necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of these illnesses.

The following tests could be used to identify seizures:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Blood tests
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

Pain can be aggravating and incapacitating.  Sleep, work, conditioning, and quality time with family and friends could all be hampered. By reducing your pain, you can live a more pleasurable life. However, treatment is complicated and if not given and monitored appropriately, might have negative repercussions. Because of this, pain management may necessitate consulting with an anaesthesiologist, a physician who specializes in pain medication. A sensation of worry, dread, and difficulty is known as anxiety. One can start to perspire, come agitated and anxious, and experience rapid-fire twinkle. It is a normal response to stress. You might have anxiety, for case, when brazened with a grueling challenge at work, before taking a test, or before making a crucial decision.

There are numerous varieties of anxiety disorders which includes:

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
• Panic disorder
• Phobias

As the name implies, the focus of the medical specialty known as neuropsychiatry is on psychiatry as it relates to neurology. The focus is on examining and managing patients' cognitive and behavioral symptoms who also have neurological diseases. Neuropsychiatry is a branch of research and medicine that focuses on the treatment of people with neurologically based disorders as well as the integrated study of psychiatric and neurological conditions. Neuropsychiatry, a branch of science that supports neuroscience, is used to explore the treatment and care of people with neurological problems, particularly those that affect behavior, and to better understand the neurological basis of mental and neurologic disorders.

Brain Injury Medicine (BIM) includes diseases of brain function due to injury. These diseases encompass a range of medical, physical, cognitive, sensitive, and behavioural diseases that affect in psychosocial, educational, and vocational consequences. A specialist in BIM should also have special expertise in the treatment and operation of other central nervous system cuts (e.g., encephalopathies, anoxia) with analogous neurocognitive donations.

Hospice is comfort care without the thing of curing; either the case has run out of restorative options or has decided against seeking remedy because the pitfalls overweigh the prices. Those with a terminal illness who, in their croaker 's opinion, have a prognostic of six months or lower if the illness progresses as anticipated.

A serious condition like cancer or heart failure requires technical medical care called palliative care. Comfort care could be given with or without a desire to cure a condition. Palliative care aims to ameliorate a case's current medical treatment by fastening both the case's and their family's quality of life.

The clinical practise of psychiatry in emergency situations is known as emergency psychiatry. Attempts at suicide, substance misuse, depression, psychosis, violence, or other abrupt changes in behaviour are among conditions that may require psychiatric intervention. Professionals in the professions of medicine, nursing, psychology, and social work provide psychiatric emergency services.

Psychiatric emergencies may be caused by a variety of symptoms and situations, such as:

• Violence
• Psychosis
• Drug abuse
• Intoxication
• Dangerous drug combinations and drug reactions
• Personality disorders
• Anxiety
• Disasters
• Abuse

The field of psychiatry known as child and adolescent psychiatry, often known as pediatric psychiatry, focuses on the identification, management, and prevention of mental illnesses in children, adolescents, and their families. It looks at the biopsychosocial factors that affect the onset, progression, and treatment outcomes of psychiatric diseases and various approaches. Psychotherapy and/or medication are the main treatments used by child and adolescent psychiatrists to address mental illnesses in the pediatric population.

Many methods for treating various patients with a variety of issues, such as:

• Autism and learning disabilities; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD);neuro-developmental issues that appear in childhood; tic disorders
• Behavioural and emotional issues
• Disruptive actions
• Ossues with eating and using the lavatory
• Depression
• Reaction to trauma or life adjustment (such as domestic abuse)
• Anxiety and OCD

A medical specialisation of psychiatry called addiction psychiatry focuses on assessing, diagnosing, and treating persons who have one or more illnesses connected to addiction. The technique used in addiction medicine is more psychosocial. Focus is placed on identifying and treating mental diseases that coexist with addiction, regardless of whether they were the addiction's primary cause or an effect. Addiction psychiatry takes physical health into account in the same way that addiction medicine does.

In addition to treating the addiction, professionals want to help their patients get better or keep their physical health.

• Alcohol
• Heroin and prescription opioids
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines/methamphetamine
• Cannabis
• Benzodiazepines
• Tobacco
• Aambling, and other behavioural addictions are all examples of substance abuse (e.g. hypersexual behaviours, internet, shopping)